butterflyTSV

Butterflies of the Townsville Area.

This site provides a complete listing and photographs of all species that are known to occur in Townsville.

There are about 145 species of butterflies known from Townsville (about 35% of the Australian total, see a complete list here) and a significant number occur on the James Cook University campus. Some of the Townsville species are confined to specific locations (such as Mt Stuart, or Magnetic Island) but many occur in urban parks and gardens and in people's backyards. If the area within 100 km of Townsville post office is included then the total number of species rises to about 200 (48% of the total Australian fauna of 405 or so species).

For views of Townsville butterfly species click on the names listed below. The list is organised taxonomically by Family. In the list, an asterix (*) next to the name means the species occurs within 100 km of Townsville but is not yet known from the urban or peri-urban area of Townsville.

Note: most photographs show set specimens arranged with males on the left and females on the right and upper surface above and lower surface below. Sometimes another arrangement is used to display variation and occasionally pupal exuviae may be figured. The brief notes usually draw attention to any distinctive element in the illustration and also give some indication about the species' presence or life history in Townsville. Photographs and text by Peter Valentine.

Useful References.

Hesperiidae
Papilionidae
Pieridae
Nymphalidae
Lycaenidae

Hesperiidae Skippers Brief notes on the species

Euschemon rafflesia * Regent Skipper Not known from Townsville, this species is common at Bluewater State Forest and other rainforest areas in northern Queensland. It is unique in the presence of primitive wing-coupling devices found in moths but in no other butterflies (the frenulum and retinaculum) - and in this species only in the male! The larvae feed on Tetrasynandra spp (Monimiaceae) and construct tent-like shelters within which they later pupate.

Chaetocneme denitza Ornate Dusk-flat
Male (left) and female Chaetocneme denitza. Larvae feed on Cocky Apple trees (Planchonia careya) widespread through the region. The October/November brood appear reasonably common along the Ross River and adjacent flood plains and also in urban gardens where the food plant has been retained. In the wet season adults disperse widely in the landscape. Larval shelters distinct. Adults sometimes flushed from dense foliage (eg in mango trees) during the day, but are mainly crepuscular and perhaps nocturnal.

Chaetocneme beata * Eastern Dusk-flat This species occurs in rainforests in northern Queensland and it is found in the Paluma Range. Larvae feed on laurels, commonly on Neolitsea dealbata. Adult at rest, Paluma.

Chaetocneme porphyropis * Purple Dusk-flat Confined to the Wet Tropics area, this butterfly occurs as far south as Paluma.Crepuscular in habits, it may occasionally be observed feeding on flowers, but more often flushed from its diurnal hiding place under a leaf. The larvae also feed on laurels and make tent shelters. A first instar shelter on Neolitsea dealbata.

Tagiades japetus Pied Flat A species that occurs in Townsville during the wet season where the larvae feed on native yam vines. Distributed widely throughout northern Queensland. Very distinctive flashy flight and alights on the underside of leaves. Larvae build tent shelters. Adult resting on yam vine.

Allora doleschallii Peacock Awl Very spectacular skipper, widespread in Cape York Peninsula, historical record from Magnetic Island. Larvae feed on Rhyssopteris timorensis (vine), common in coastal and riparian vine thickets.

Hasora discolor * Green Awl Present mainly in rainforest where larvae feed on the leaves of the vigorous vine Mucuna gigantea. Known from Little Crystal Creek and from Bluewater Range.

Hasora chromus Chrome Awl In October, and again in March, as the Pongamia pinnata trees produce a fresh flush of leaves, large numbers of this skipper appear in Townsville. The larvae can denude the fresh foliage, building tents within which they pupate.

Hasura hurama Broad-banded Awl Less common than the previous species, occasional specimens are seen flying with H. chromus and also with B. exclamationis in Townsville. More common on the coast and mangroves of Ingham, Hinchinbrook and the Mission Beach area. Larvae feed on the trailing vine Derris trifoliata. Larva on food plant. Adult at flowers.

Badamia exclamationis Narrow-winged Awl Huge swarms of this species used to fly south in October and November to breed on the yellow wood forests inland from Rockhampton. Later, in March and April they would fly north again through Townsville in swarms numbering millions. Today this spectacle is gone due to the destruction of the yellow wood forests in central Queensland. Individuals are still seen, but not the mass migration of the past. Adult feeding on Evodia flowers, Townsville.

Trapezites petalia Black-ringed Ochre In Townsville known from Mt Stuart and wider afield along the Keelbottom Creek and other inland areas. Adults often fly with other ochres.

Trapezites macqueeni Bronze Ochre Limited distibution west of Paluma but also on Mt Stuart, larvae feed on Lomandra filiformis. Adult males occupy leks just off the tops of hills. Adult freshly emerged on larval food plant.

Trapezites iacchus Brown Ochre Widespread and not uncommon, males may be on hilltops. Occurs in Townsville on the flood plain and hills.

Trapezites eliena * Orange Ochre Somewhat erratic distribution but mainly inland from Townsville (Mt Prince Charlie for example) and west of Paluma. Common further inland (Hughenden) and in central Queensland (Blackdown Tableland and Carnarvon Range) as well as Cape York Peninsula.

Trapezites symmomus * Splendid Ochre This very large skipper is confined to the upland areas of the wet tropics and occurs as far south as Bluewater State Forest. Larvae feed on Lomandra longifolia and their presence is indicated by distinct cuts in the blades. It is common on Mt Baldy on the Atherton Tablelands.

Trapezites heteromacula * Small Orange Ochre Confined to the northern Queensland coastal and subcoastal region its southernmost record is at Bluewater State Forest just 40 km NW of Townsville. Larvae feed on Lomandra spp. Adult on larval food plant.

Neohesperilla senta * Spotted Grass-skipper This well-marked skipper is known only as far south as the Bluewater floodplains just northwest of Townsville. Larvae feed on kangaroo grass (Themeda australis). They appear to favour post-fire regrowth stages. Adult freshly emerged on Themeda triandra.

Neohesperilla xiphiphora Sword-brand Grass-skipper Relatively uncommon tropical skipper, occurs in the floodplains where grasses grow - in Townsville along the banks of the Black and Bohle Rivers.

Neohesperilla crocea Narrow-brand Grass-skipper Flies with adults of both N. xiphiphora and N. xanthomera along the Bohle River and Black River floodplains.

Neohesperilla xanthomera Yellow Grass-skipper Adult males common on hilltops, also occur on flood plains. More widespread below the tropics also.

Toxidia peron Dingy Skipper Widespread along the eastern seaboard, males usually encountered on hilltops. Present on Mt Stuart and other peaks in Townsville.

Toxidia melania * Black Grass-skipper Confined to the upper elevation rainforests of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, common at Paluma during January. Life history not yet known but believed to lay eggs on understory grass. Occurs also at Bluewater State Forest (southern most distribution).

Toxidia thyrrus Dusky Grass-skipper In Townsville occurs on the floodplain but also occasionally on hilltops.

Toxidia rietmanni White-brand Grass-skipper This northern subspecies is found mainly in the higher elevation rainorests of the wet tropics although also known from rainforests in the coastal plain. Known from Bluewater State Forest and also can be very common in summer at Paluma. Adults fly near grassy patches but males may take up territory in the rainforest canopy or edges.

Toxidia doubledayi Lilac Grass-skipper Occupies a range of habitat types, sometimes in rainforest (eg at Paluma) but also dry forest and grassland. Known in Townsville from Mt Stuart.

Hesperilla ornata * Spotted Sedge-skipper Confined to rainforest areas where the larval food plant grows, this species is common in Bluewater State Forest near Townsville. It does occur at sea level in places along the Hinchibrook Channel mainland bank. Another subspecies occurs in southern Queensland but also much further west in White Mountain National Park. Adult at a flower.

Hesperilla sexguttata Riverine Sedge-skipper As the common name suggest this species is confined to creeks, rivers and wetlands edges. Common on Magnetic Island, but also elsewhere in the Townsville area. In the dry season the larval foodplants growing in creeks and lagoons are colonised including in the sandy beds of the Bohle River and the Black River. The sedges Cyperus decompositus and C. javanicus are the larval food plants.

Hesperilla sarnia Swift Sedge-skipper This species has a limited distribution and occurs in rocky upland areas of central and northern Queensland. Its life history was first discovered on Mt Stuart where the adults (and larvae) are common. The sedge Scleria levis is the larval food plant.

Hesperilla malindeva Two-spotted Sedge-skipper This interesting species occurs in two forms in Townsville. On the mainland it is common on hilltops, including Mt Stuart, where the form is typical of elsewhere in its range through Queensland. However, on Magnetic Island the twin underside spots that give the species its common name are absent. The illustration shows the two forms. Larvae feed on swordgrass (Gahnia aspera).

Taractrocera anisomorpha Large Yellow Grass-dart Relatively obscure skipper, difficult to observe, in grassy woodlands. Known from Mt Stuart.

Taractrocera ina No-brand Grass-dart Known from a wide range of sites, tends to be in slightly moist grassy areas, sporadic. Larvae feed on several introduced grasses, native food plants not known. Can be numerous. Along the Ross River in Townsville.

Taractrocera papyria * White-banded Grass-dart Very distinct underside with bright white band on hind wing. In northern Queensland mainly at altitude (eg west of Paluma, common on Mt Baldy).

Taractrocera dolon * Small Yellow Grass-dart Tends to occur mainly in the wet season, associated with streams and creeks. Larvae can be reared in captivity on couch grass. Darker colour than other Taractrocera spp.

Ocybadistes hypomeloma White-margined Grass-dart Occurs in open woodlands with kangaroo grass on which the larvae feed (Themeda triandra).

Ocybadistes flavovittatus Narrow-brand Grass-dart One of the smallest grass-darts, common in grassy areas. Not well known.

Ocybadistes ardea * Orange Grass-dart Generally confined to rainforest, close to Townsville in Bluewater State Forest and Paluma.

Suniana lascivia Dingy Grass-dart The larvae of this species feed on blady grass (Imperata cylindrica) and adults may be seen anywhere that the grass grows. In Townsville it is also known from Mt Stuart.

Suniana sunias Wide-brand Grass-dart Moist grassy areas in coastal Queensland have good populations of this little skipper.

Oriens augustula Fiji Grass-dart Known in Australia from one specimen collected in Townsville and another in Darwin. Common in Fiji (the photos were taken of adults collected in the Nausori Highlands where it was abundant in grassy patches amongst rainforest). Not believed to be either indigenous or established in Australia.

Arrhenes dschilus Scrub Darter Usually associated with rainforest edges or tall forests, adults fly in blady grass patches upon which the larvae feed.

Telicota colon Pale-orange Darter A common darter in open woodland with grassy understory. Native grasses, used by the larvae, including Ophiuros exaltatus and Chrysopogon fallax, occur in Townsville. Not uncommon throughout the city.

Telicota augias * Bright-orange Darter Less common in dry areas, larvae feed on Flagellaria indica, a rainforest climber. Along the edge of rainforest this skipper is very common. Abundant at Bluewater Range.

Cephrenes augiades Orange Palm-dart Widespread in Townsville gardens and anywhere that palms occur including very many palms (native and non-native) brought into cultivation. Larvae feed on the fronds creating silk tubes in which they shelter. At times they create a lot of damage to the plants. Adults fly rapidly and perch on prominent leaves.

Cephrenes trichopepla Yellow Palm-dart Widespread where palms occur, larvae feed on many native palms but also ornamentals and coconut palms in Townsville.

Sabera dobboe Yellow-streaked Swift A common garden species, normally associated with rainforests, but in Townsville survives through breeding on garden Cordyline species.

Sabera fuliginosa White-fringed Swift Not known in Townsville but occurs in rainforested areas including Bluewater Range about 40 km NW of Townsville, and at Paluma. Larvae feed on Lawyer Palms (Calamus spp).

Pelopidas lyelli Lyell's Swift Common throughout coastal northern Queensland, flies in Townsville where moist grassy areas occur. The two species may be separated by the fact that a line drawn through the two cell spots on P. lyelli males clearly intersects the male sex brand, whereas in P. agna such a line misses the sex brand. Similarly in the females the two cell spots may be joined and extended to intersect a third spot in P. lyelli but misses that spot in P. agna. This may be easier seen in the comparative photo of the two species showing male and female of each and lines drawn through the respective features.

Pelopidas agna Dingy Swift Found flying in the same areas. View the close-up shot of maleP. agna.

Parnara amalia Orange Swift This attractive swift is common wherever native rice grows (Leersia hexandra) and that is most creeks, streams and rivers at least in the wet season and throughout the year in permanent water bodies (like Ross River Dam). It flies with the Grey Swift at times and both species feed on the same larval food plant. Common on Magnetic Island also. Final instar larva. In a remarkable adaptation, the pupal shelters are filled with a water-repellant substance that allows it to float.

Parnara bada Grey Swift Occurs commonly along the Black River and Alice River as well as occasionally in other areas. Males of this species hilltop whereas males of P. amalia do not. Final instar larva. The white patches noticeable along the abdomenal segments of the larva are the source areas for the water-repellant substance used to seal and float the pupal shelters. Note also the pupa (indistinguishable from the previous species) with its water repellant white powder. This little known property also occurs in many other skippers.

Hesperiidae	Skippers	Brief notes on the species
**Euschemon rafflesia ***	Regent Skipper	Not known from Townsville, this species is common at Bluewater State Forest and other rainforest areas in northern Queensland. It is unique in the presence of primitive wing-coupling devices found in moths but in no other butterflies (the frenulum and retinaculum) - and in this species only in the male! The larvae feed on Tetrasynandra spp (Monimiaceae) and construct tent-like shelters within which they later pupate.
*Chaetocneme denitza*	Ornate Dusk-flat	Male (left) and female Chaetocneme denitza. Larvae feed on Cocky Apple trees (Planchonia careya) widespread through the region. The October/November brood appear reasonably common along the Ross River and adjacent flood plains and also in urban gardens where the food plant has been retained. In the wet season adults disperse widely in the landscape. Larval shelters distinct. Adults sometimes flushed from dense foliage (eg in mango trees) during the day, but are mainly crepuscular and perhaps nocturnal.
**Chaetocneme beata ***	Eastern Dusk-flat	*This species occurs in rainforests in northern Queensland and it is found in the Paluma Range. Larvae feed on laurels, commonly on Neolitsea dealbata. Adult at rest, Paluma.*
**Chaetocneme porphyropis ***	Purple Dusk-flat	Confined to the Wet Tropics area, this butterfly occurs as far south as Paluma.Crepuscular in habits, it may occasionally be observed feeding on flowers, but more often flushed from its diurnal hiding place under a leaf. The larvae also feed on laurels and make tent shelters. A first instar shelter on Neolitsea dealbata.
*Tagiades japetus*	Pied Flat	A species that occurs in Townsville during the wet season where the larvae feed on native yam vines. Distributed widely throughout northern Queensland. Very distinctive flashy flight and alights on the underside of leaves. Larvae build tent shelters. Adult resting on yam vine.
*Allora doleschallii*	Peacock Awl	*Very spectacular skipper, widespread in Cape York Peninsula, historical record from Magnetic Island. Larvae feed on Rhyssopteris timorensis* (vine), common in coastal and riparian vine thickets.**
Hasora discolor *	Green Awl	*Present mainly in rainforest where larvae feed on the leaves of the vigorous vine Mucuna gigantea. Known from Little Crystal Creek and from Bluewater Range.*
*Hasora chromus*	Chrome Awl	In October, and again in March, as the Pongamia pinnata trees produce a fresh flush of leaves, large numbers of this skipper appear in Townsville. The larvae can denude the fresh foliage, building tents within which they pupate.
*Hasura hurama*	Broad-banded Awl	Less common than the previous species, occasional specimens are seen flying with H. chromus and also with B. exclamationis in Townsville. More common on the coast and mangroves of Ingham, Hinchinbrook and the Mission Beach area. Larvae feed on the trailing vine Derris trifoliata. Larva on food plant. Adult at flowers.
*Badamia exclamationis*	Narrow-winged Awl	Huge swarms of this species used to fly south in October and November to breed on the yellow wood forests inland from Rockhampton. Later, in March and April they would fly north again through Townsville in swarms numbering millions. Today this spectacle is gone due to the destruction of the yellow wood forests in central Queensland. Individuals are still seen, but not the mass migration of the past. Adult feeding on Evodia flowers, Townsville.
*Trapezites petalia*	Black-ringed Ochre	In Townsville known from Mt Stuart and wider afield along the Keelbottom Creek and other inland areas. Adults often fly with other ochres.
*Trapezites macqueeni*	Bronze Ochre	*Limited distibution west of Paluma but also on Mt Stuart, larvae feed on Lomandra filiformis. Adult males occupy leks just off the tops of hills. Adult freshly emerged on larval food plant.*
*Trapezites iacchus*	Brown Ochre	Widespread and not uncommon, males may be on hilltops. Occurs in Townsville on the flood plain and hills.
Trapezites eliena *	Orange Ochre	Somewhat erratic distribution but mainly inland from Townsville (Mt Prince Charlie for example) and west of Paluma. Common further inland (Hughenden) and in central Queensland (Blackdown Tableland and Carnarvon Range) as well as Cape York Peninsula.
*Trapezites symmomus* *	Splendid Ochre	This very large skipper is confined to the upland areas of the wet tropics and occurs as far south as Bluewater State Forest. Larvae feed on Lomandra longifolia and their presence is indicated by distinct cuts in the blades. It is common on Mt Baldy on the Atherton Tablelands.
Trapezites heteromacula *	Small Orange Ochre	Confined to the northern Queensland coastal and subcoastal region its southernmost record is at Bluewater State Forest just 40 km NW of Townsville. Larvae feed on Lomandra spp. Adult on larval food plant.
Neohesperilla senta *	Spotted Grass-skipper	This well-marked skipper is known only as far south as the Bluewater floodplains just northwest of Townsville. Larvae feed on kangaroo grass (Themeda australis). They appear to favour post-fire regrowth stages. Adult freshly emerged on Themeda triandra.
*Neohesperilla xiphiphora*	Sword-brand Grass-skipper	Relatively uncommon tropical skipper, occurs in the floodplains where grasses grow - in Townsville along the banks of the Black and Bohle Rivers.
*Neohesperilla crocea*	Narrow-brand Grass-skipper	*Flies with adults of both N. xiphiphora* and N. xanthomera along the Bohle River and Black River floodplains.**
*Neohesperilla xanthomera*	Yellow Grass-skipper	Adult males common on hilltops, also occur on flood plains. More widespread below the tropics also.
*Toxidia peron*	Dingy Skipper	Widespread along the eastern seaboard, males usually encountered on hilltops. Present on Mt Stuart and other peaks in Townsville.
Toxidia melania *	Black Grass-skipper	Confined to the upper elevation rainforests of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, common at Paluma during January. Life history not yet known but believed to lay eggs on understory grass. Occurs also at Bluewater State Forest (southern most distribution).
*Toxidia thyrrus*	Dusky Grass-skipper	In Townsville occurs on the floodplain but also occasionally on hilltops.
*Toxidia rietmanni*	White-brand Grass-skipper	This northern subspecies is found mainly in the higher elevation rainorests of the wet tropics although also known from rainforests in the coastal plain. Known from Bluewater State Forest and also can be very common in summer at Paluma. Adults fly near grassy patches but males may take up territory in the rainforest canopy or edges.
*Toxidia doubledayi*	Lilac Grass-skipper	Occupies a range of habitat types, sometimes in rainforest (eg at Paluma) but also dry forest and grassland. Known in Townsville from Mt Stuart.
Hesperilla ornata *	Spotted Sedge-skipper	Confined to rainforest areas where the larval food plant grows, this species is common in Bluewater State Forest near Townsville. It does occur at sea level in places along the Hinchibrook Channel mainland bank. Another subspecies occurs in southern Queensland but also much further west in White Mountain National Park. Adult at a flower.
*Hesperilla sexguttata*	Riverine Sedge-skipper	As the common name suggest this species is confined to creeks, rivers and wetlands edges. Common on Magnetic Island, but also elsewhere in the Townsville area. In the dry season the larval foodplants growing in creeks and lagoons are colonised including in the sandy beds of the Bohle River and the Black River. The sedges Cyperus decompositus and C. javanicus are the larval food plants.
*Hesperilla sarnia*	Swift Sedge-skipper	This species has a limited distribution and occurs in rocky upland areas of central and northern Queensland. Its life history was first discovered on Mt Stuart where the adults (and larvae) are common. The sedge Scleria levis is the larval food plant.
*Hesperilla malindeva*	Two-spotted Sedge-skipper	This interesting species occurs in two forms in Townsville. On the mainland it is common on hilltops, including Mt Stuart, where the form is typical of elsewhere in its range through Queensland. However, on Magnetic Island the twin underside spots that give the species its common name are absent. The illustration shows the two forms. Larvae feed on swordgrass (Gahnia aspera).
*Taractrocera anisomorpha*	Large Yellow Grass-dart	Relatively obscure skipper, difficult to observe, in grassy woodlands. Known from Mt Stuart.
*Taractrocera ina*	No-brand Grass-dart	Known from a wide range of sites, tends to be in slightly moist grassy areas, sporadic. Larvae feed on several introduced grasses, native food plants not known. Can be numerous. Along the Ross River in Townsville.
Taractrocera papyria *	White-banded Grass-dart	Very distinct underside with bright white band on hind wing. In northern Queensland mainly at altitude (eg west of Paluma, common on Mt Baldy).
Taractrocera dolon *	Small Yellow Grass-dart	*Tends to occur mainly in the wet season, associated with streams and creeks. Larvae can be reared in captivity on couch grass. Darker colour than other Taractrocera* spp.**
*Ocybadistes hypomeloma*	White-margined Grass-dart	*Occurs in open woodlands with kangaroo grass on which the larvae feed (Themeda triandra).*
*Ocybadistes flavovittatus*	Narrow-brand Grass-dart	One of the smallest grass-darts, common in grassy areas. Not well known.
Ocybadistes ardea *	Orange Grass-dart	Generally confined to rainforest, close to Townsville in Bluewater State Forest and Paluma.
*Suniana lascivia*	Dingy Grass-dart	*The larvae of this species feed on blady grass (Imperata cylindrica) and adults may be seen anywhere that the grass grows. In Townsville it is also known from Mt Stuart.*
*Suniana sunias*	Wide-brand Grass-dart	Moist grassy areas in coastal Queensland have good populations of this little skipper.
*Oriens augustula*	Fiji Grass-dart	Known in Australia from one specimen collected in Townsville and another in Darwin. Common in Fiji (the photos were taken of adults collected in the Nausori Highlands where it was abundant in grassy patches amongst rainforest). Not believed to be either indigenous or established in Australia.
*Arrhenes dschilus*	Scrub Darter	Usually associated with rainforest edges or tall forests, adults fly in blady grass patches upon which the larvae feed.
*Telicota colon*	Pale-orange Darter	A common darter in open woodland with grassy understory. Native grasses, used by the larvae, including Ophiuros exaltatus and Chrysopogon fallax, occur in Townsville. Not uncommon throughout the city.
**Telicota augias ***	Bright-orange Darter	*Less common in dry areas, larvae feed on Flagellaria indica, a rainforest climber. Along the edge of rainforest this skipper is very common. Abundant at Bluewater Range.*
*Cephrenes augiades*	Orange Palm-dart	Widespread in Townsville gardens and anywhere that palms occur including very many palms (native and non-native) brought into cultivation. Larvae feed on the fronds creating silk tubes in which they shelter. At times they create a lot of damage to the plants. Adults fly rapidly and perch on prominent leaves.
*Cephrenes trichopepla*	Yellow Palm-dart	Widespread where palms occur, larvae feed on many native palms but also ornamentals and coconut palms in Townsville.
*Sabera dobboe*	Yellow-streaked Swift	*A common garden species, normally associated with rainforests, but in Townsville survives through breeding on garden Cordyline* species.**
*Sabera fuliginosa*	White-fringed Swift	*Not known in Townsville but occurs in rainforested areas including Bluewater Range about 40 km NW of Townsville, and at Paluma. Larvae feed on Lawyer Palms (Calamus* spp).**
*Pelopidas lyelli*	Lyell's Swift	Common throughout coastal northern Queensland, flies in Townsville where moist grassy areas occur. The two species may be separated by the fact that a line drawn through the two cell spots on P. lyelli males clearly intersects the male sex brand, whereas in P. agna such a line misses the sex brand. Similarly in the females the two cell spots may be joined and extended to intersect a third spot in P. lyelli but misses that spot in P. agna. This may be easier seen in the comparative photo of the two species showing male and female of each and lines drawn through the respective features.
*Pelopidas agna*	Dingy Swift	Found flying in the same areas. View the close-up shot of maleP. agna.
*Parnara amalia*	Orange Swift	This attractive swift is common wherever native rice grows (Leersia hexandra) and that is most creeks, streams and rivers at least in the wet season and throughout the year in permanent water bodies (like Ross River Dam). It flies with the Grey Swift at times and both species feed on the same larval food plant. Common on Magnetic Island also. Final instar larva. In a remarkable adaptation, the pupal shelters are filled with a water-repellant substance that allows it to float.
*Parnara bada*	Grey Swift	Occurs commonly along the Black River and Alice River as well as occasionally in other areas. Males of this species hilltop whereas males of P. amalia do not. Final instar larva. The white patches noticeable along the abdomenal segments of the larva are the source areas for the water-repellant substance used to seal and float the pupal shelters. Note also the pupa (indistinguishable from the previous species) with its water repellant white powder. This little known property also occurs in many other skippers.

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Papilionidae Swallowtails Brief notes on the species

Protographium leosthenes Four-barred Swordtail In Townsville and surrounds occurs on hilltops in the wet season. Larvae feed on Annonaceae plants in vine thickets. Common on Mt Stuart after the first storms. Pupae enter diapause at the end of the wet season and sometimes may remain in diapause for two years.

Graphium aristeus Five-barred Swordtail Less common than four-barred swordtails, this species is also known from Mt Stuart in Townsville and the Bl;uewater Range. Only flies during the wet season. Unique amongst Australian papilionids this species lays its eggs in large aggregations and the larvae are gregarious. Also feeds on Annonaceae plants.

Graphium maclaeayanus * Macleay’s Swallowtail Not recorded from Townsville itself, the species is found at Mt Eliot (30 km south) and at Bluewater Range (40 km northwest).

Graphium sarpedon Blue Triangle One of three common triangles in Townsville gardens and parks, the bright blue colour is distinct. Eggs are laid on laurels.

Graphium eurypylus Pale Triangle The most abundant triangle in Townsville where its numbers may be elevated by the presence of sour sop and custrard apple trees in backyard gardens. Larvae feed on numerous Annonaceae plants including the widely grown sour sops (Annona muricata). Pale blue and pale yellow forms occur.

Graphium agamemnon Green-spotted Triangle Although not abundant in Townsville, this species also breeds on sour sop trees and usually occurs through the wetter months. The larva is distinct.

Papilio anactus Dainty Swallowtail People with citrus trees (without green ants) are likely to be supporting this butterfly as larvae feed upon fresh citrus leaves. Its range in Austalia has recently expanded due to the spread of citrus trees to more remote inland locations (such as Alice Springs and Mt Isa). It is endemic to Australia.

Papilio aegeus Orchard Swallowtail Common resident of Townsville gardens where larvae feed on citrus trees.

Papilio fuscus Fuscous Swallowtail Numbers of this species usually pick up from the end of the dry season and adults may be quite abundant by mid to late wet season. Pupae enter diapause at the onset of the dry season and may remain so for more than a year.

Papilio ulysses Ulysses Swallowtail This magnificent species is unmistakable with its spectacular blue upper side. Larvae feed on the foliage of Evodia trees (Mellicope elleryana) in the family Rutaceae. Final instar larva.

Papilio demoleus Chequered Swallowtail This migrant species occurs across Australia from the most arid interior (it's common at Birdsville) and from west coast to east coast. In Townsville migratory passage may make them abundant at times. Permanent colonies occur near Mt Manypeaks range (in the Town Common Conservation Park) and also near the crematorim. Larvae feed on emu foot including Cullen australasicum.

Cressida cressida Clearwing Swallowtail A common pipevine butterfly, the larvae feed on native species of Aristolochia, especially the low small species scattered through the grasslands.

Pachliopta polydorus Red-bodied Swallowtail A colourful pipevine butterfly that can occur throughout Townsville in numbers at times. Larvae feed on Aristolochia tagala grown in gardens for birdwing butterflies as well as Pararistolochia spp in the rainforests at Bluewater and Paluma.

Ornithoptera priamus Northern Birdwing A promotional program by Townsville City Council led by Alderman Val Valentine in the 1980s has established many garden plants of Aristolochia tagala, the native pipevine larval food plant of this species. As a result, this largest of all Australian butterflies is now well established in Townsville urban areas. The distinctive final instar larva. A pupa on its black silk pad.

Papilionidae	Swallowtails	Brief notes on the species
*Protographium leosthenes*	Four-barred Swordtail	In Townsville and surrounds occurs on hilltops in the wet season. Larvae feed on Annonaceae plants in vine thickets. Common on Mt Stuart after the first storms. Pupae enter diapause at the end of the wet season and sometimes may remain in diapause for two years.
*Graphium aristeus*	Five-barred Swordtail	Less common than four-barred swordtails, this species is also known from Mt Stuart in Townsville and the Bl;uewater Range. Only flies during the wet season. Unique amongst Australian papilionids this species lays its eggs in large aggregations and the larvae are gregarious. Also feeds on Annonaceae plants.
Graphium maclaeayanus *	Macleay’s Swallowtail	Not recorded from Townsville itself, the species is found at Mt Eliot (30 km south) and at Bluewater Range (40 km northwest).
*Graphium sarpedon*	Blue Triangle	One of three common triangles in Townsville gardens and parks, the bright blue colour is distinct. Eggs are laid on laurels.
*Graphium eurypylus*	Pale Triangle	The most abundant triangle in Townsville where its numbers may be elevated by the presence of sour sop and custrard apple trees in backyard gardens. Larvae feed on numerous Annonaceae plants including the widely grown sour sops (Annona muricata). Pale blue and pale yellow forms occur.
*Graphium agamemnon*	Green-spotted Triangle	Although not abundant in Townsville, this species also breeds on sour sop trees and usually occurs through the wetter months. The larva is distinct.
*Papilio anactus*	Dainty Swallowtail	People with citrus trees (without green ants) are likely to be supporting this butterfly as larvae feed upon fresh citrus leaves. Its range in Austalia has recently expanded due to the spread of citrus trees to more remote inland locations (such as Alice Springs and Mt Isa). It is endemic to Australia.
*Papilio aegeus*	Orchard Swallowtail	Common resident of Townsville gardens where larvae feed on citrus trees.
*Papilio fuscus*	Fuscous Swallowtail	Numbers of this species usually pick up from the end of the dry season and adults may be quite abundant by mid to late wet season. Pupae enter diapause at the onset of the dry season and may remain so for more than a year.
*Papilio ulysses*	Ulysses Swallowtail	*This magnificent species is unmistakable with its spectacular blue upper side. Larvae feed on the foliage of Evodia trees (Mellicope elleryana) in the family Rutaceae. Final instar larva.*
*Papilio demoleus*	Chequered Swallowtail	This migrant species occurs across Australia from the most arid interior (it's common at Birdsville) and from west coast to east coast. In Townsville migratory passage may make them abundant at times. Permanent colonies occur near Mt Manypeaks range (in the Town Common Conservation Park) and also near the crematorim. Larvae feed on emu foot including Cullen australasicum.
*Cressida cressida*	Clearwing Swallowtail	*A common pipevine butterfly, the larvae feed on native species of Aristolochia, especially the low small species scattered through the grasslands.*
*Pachliopta polydorus*	Red-bodied Swallowtail	A colourful pipevine butterfly that can occur throughout Townsville in numbers at times. Larvae feed on Aristolochia tagala grown in gardens for birdwing butterflies as well as Pararistolochia spp in the rainforests at Bluewater and Paluma.
*Ornithoptera priamus*	Northern Birdwing	A promotional program by Townsville City Council led by Alderman Val Valentine in the 1980s has established many garden plants of Aristolochia tagala, the native pipevine larval food plant of this species. As a result, this largest of all Australian butterflies is now well established in Townsville urban areas. The distinctive final instar larva. A pupa on its black silk pad.

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Pieridae Whites & Yellows Brief notes on the species

Catopsilia pyranthe White Migrant Widespread migrant, can be common at times, but then absent for long periods. Adults come in two forms (width of the black markings varies). Larvae feed on Cassia brewsteri and Senna spp.

Catopsilia pomona Lemon Migrant This highly variable species (see another form here) is abundant in Townsville. Adults common in gardens and breed especially on introduced Cassia fistula and other species.

Catopsilia scylla Orange Migrant This tropical migrant is less commonly encountered but can be locally abundant, especially in the mid to late wet season. Larvae found on Senna spp. This species also has a pale form.

Catopsilia gorgophone Yellow Migrant Although the species has a more resticted range it also occurs in Townsville and feeds on the same plants (Senna retusa and S. surratensis). There are occasional pale form adults. The Orange and Yellow migrants can also be separated by the pupal exuviae colour - green in the Orange Migrant and Yellow in the Yellow Migrant.

Eurema brigitta No-brand Grass-yellow In Townsville reasonably common on Mt Stuart slopes, especially in the mid to late wet season. It disperses to wetter areas in the dry season.

Eurema laeta Lined Grass-yellow As with some other grass-yellows, this species has quite different colour forms, so different that at one time the dry season and wet season forms were thought to be different species. Common and at times abundant in Townsville.

Eurema herla Pink Grass-yellow As with the previous species, can have very variable seasonal forms. Common throughout Townsville. As with the other species, larvae feed on Caeselpinnaceae plants.

Eurema smilax Small Grass-yellow This is the most widespread species of grass-yellow in Australia and is relatively abundant through most of its range.

Eurema alitha Scalloped Grass-yellow This distinctive species was surprisingly confused with the next for a very long time. It is also distinctive in that larvae feed on a Fabaceae plant (Glycine tabacina) common throughout woodlands in Townsville. Adults are common wherever the food plants occur - a fine-leaved trailing vine that grows amongst Themeda triandra grasslands in riverine flats and in the gullies of hills.

Eurema hecabe Large Grass-yellow The most commonly seen species in Townsville, quite abundant throughout most habitat types. Larvae commonly feed on Breynia species (Euphorbiaceae).

Elodina parthia Striated Pearl-white Confined to the east coast in Australia, this species breeds on caper bushes and is present on the JCU campus in Townsville. The underside varies quite considerably at times (see examples).

Elodina padusa Narrow-winged Pearl-white Widespread across Australia (all mainland states), this is frequently seen inTownsville.

Elodina queenslandica Glistening Pearl-white Common throughout the coastal areas of Queensland from Maryborough to Cape York.

Elodina perdita Delicate Pearl-white This species is much more restricted than the others and seems confined to the coastal areas between Ingham and Mackay. Its caper bush larval food plant is common in the melaleuca wetlands and coastal vine thockets that have been heavily disturbed in the region and there is some concern about its conservation prospects. There is some variation in the underside colours.

Belenois java Caper White This very widespread migrant breeds on caper plants and is a common sight in Townsville. The larvae are gregarious and can strip all the fresh leaves from a caper bush. Pupae may be seen festooning the leafless branchlets.

Cepora perimale Caper Gull This species displays some variation in the underside colour. Adults are common in Townsville where the species may be seen flying with other caper butterflies.

Appias paulina Yellow Albatross Typically a vine thicket species, larvae feed on fresh leaves of Drypetes spp. Males are common on hilltopd and adults occur occasionally in urban Townsville.

Appias melania Grey Albatross This is essentially a rainforest species and is very common at Paluma and the Bluewater Range. However there are occasional migratory movements that bring numerous individuals to vine thickets on Mt Stuart in Townsville.

Delias nysa * Yellow-spotted Jezebel This species seems much more abundant in the south of its range (NSW and southern Queensland) and in northern Queensland is largely confined to the upland areas of rainforest. It has not been sighted in Townsville but occurs in the Bluewater Range and at Paluma.

Delias ennia * Yellow-banded Jezebel Confined to the upland rainforests and margins in the wet tropics, this handsome species breeds on the golden mistletoe (Notothixos leiophyllus). It can be abundant at Paluma and is also known from the Bluewater Range and from Mt Elliot.

Delias nigrina Black Jezebel While mainly a rainforest butterfly in northern Australia, and very common at Paluma and the Bluewater Range, this species occurs in Townsville in winter months.

Delias mysis Red-banded Jezebel Better known as the Union Jack, this species is also mainly rainforest related in northern Queensland but each winter it occurs in Townsville and occasionally breeds on the mistletoes.

Delias argenthona Scarlet Jezebel This species is primarily adapted to open eucalypt woodlands and is a common resident in Townsville. The Callistemon viminalis street trees provide good hosts for its mistletoe food plants, especially Dendropthoe glabrescens and various Amyema spp (usually on eucalypts). Eggs are laid in large clusters and the larvae and pupae are gregarious.

Delias aganippe Red-spotted Jezebel This species is more at home in southern Australia where it occurs in Western Australia and across from South Australia through to southern Queensland. However, during winter months (July and August) individuals may appear in Townsville (notably on Castle Hill).

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Pieridae	Whites & Yellows	Brief notes on the species
*Catopsilia pyranthe*	White Migrant	*Widespread migrant, can be common at times, but then absent for long periods. Adults come in two forms (width of the black markings varies). Larvae feed on Cassia brewsteri* and Senna spp.**
*Catopsilia pomona*	Lemon Migrant	*This highly variable species (see another form here) is abundant in Townsville. Adults common in gardens and breed especially on introduced Cassia fistula* and other species.**
*Catopsilia scylla*	Orange Migrant	*This tropical migrant is less commonly encountered but can be locally abundant, especially in the mid to late wet season. Larvae found on Senna* spp. This species also has a pale form.**
*Catopsilia gorgophone*	Yellow Migrant	Although the species has a more resticted range it also occurs in Townsville and feeds on the same plants (Senna retusa and S. surratensis). There are occasional pale form adults. The Orange and Yellow migrants can also be separated by the pupal exuviae colour - green in the Orange Migrant and Yellow in the Yellow Migrant.
*Eurema brigitta*	No-brand Grass-yellow	In Townsville reasonably common on Mt Stuart slopes, especially in the mid to late wet season. It disperses to wetter areas in the dry season.
*Eurema laeta*	Lined Grass-yellow	As with some other grass-yellows, this species has quite different colour forms, so different that at one time the dry season and wet season forms were thought to be different species. Common and at times abundant in Townsville.
*Eurema herla*	Pink Grass-yellow	As with the previous species, can have very variable seasonal forms. Common throughout Townsville. As with the other species, larvae feed on Caeselpinnaceae plants.
*Eurema smilax*	Small Grass-yellow	This is the most widespread species of grass-yellow in Australia and is relatively abundant through most of its range.
*Eurema alitha*	Scalloped Grass-yellow	This distinctive species was surprisingly confused with the next for a very long time. It is also distinctive in that larvae feed on a Fabaceae plant (Glycine tabacina) common throughout woodlands in Townsville. Adults are common wherever the food plants occur - a fine-leaved trailing vine that grows amongst Themeda triandra grasslands in riverine flats and in the gullies of hills.
*Eurema hecabe*	Large Grass-yellow	*The most commonly seen species in Townsville, quite abundant throughout most habitat types. Larvae commonly feed on Breynia* species (Euphorbiaceae).**
*Elodina parthia*	Striated Pearl-white	Confined to the east coast in Australia, this species breeds on caper bushes and is present on the JCU campus in Townsville. The underside varies quite considerably at times (see examples).
*Elodina padusa*	Narrow-winged Pearl-white	Widespread across Australia (all mainland states), this is frequently seen inTownsville.
*Elodina queenslandica*	Glistening Pearl-white	Common throughout the coastal areas of Queensland from Maryborough to Cape York.
*Elodina perdita*	Delicate Pearl-white	This species is much more restricted than the others and seems confined to the coastal areas between Ingham and Mackay. Its caper bush larval food plant is common in the melaleuca wetlands and coastal vine thockets that have been heavily disturbed in the region and there is some concern about its conservation prospects. There is some variation in the underside colours.
*Belenois java*	Caper White	This very widespread migrant breeds on caper plants and is a common sight in Townsville. The larvae are gregarious and can strip all the fresh leaves from a caper bush. Pupae may be seen festooning the leafless branchlets.
*Cepora perimale*	Caper Gull	This species displays some variation in the underside colour. Adults are common in Townsville where the species may be seen flying with other caper butterflies.
*Appias paulina*	Yellow Albatross	*Typically a vine thicket species, larvae feed on fresh leaves of Drypetes* spp. Males are common on hilltopd and adults occur occasionally in urban Townsville.**
*Appias melania*	Grey Albatross	This is essentially a rainforest species and is very common at Paluma and the Bluewater Range. However there are occasional migratory movements that bring numerous individuals to vine thickets on Mt Stuart in Townsville.
**Delias nysa ***	Yellow-spotted Jezebel	This species seems much more abundant in the south of its range (NSW and southern Queensland) and in northern Queensland is largely confined to the upland areas of rainforest. It has not been sighted in Townsville but occurs in the Bluewater Range and at Paluma.
Delias ennia *	Yellow-banded Jezebel	Confined to the upland rainforests and margins in the wet tropics, this handsome species breeds on the golden mistletoe (Notothixos leiophyllus). It can be abundant at Paluma and is also known from the Bluewater Range and from Mt Elliot.
*Delias nigrina*	Black Jezebel	While mainly a rainforest butterfly in northern Australia, and very common at Paluma and the Bluewater Range, this species occurs in Townsville in winter months.
*Delias mysis*	Red-banded Jezebel	Better known as the Union Jack, this species is also mainly rainforest related in northern Queensland but each winter it occurs in Townsville and occasionally breeds on the mistletoes.
*Delias argenthona*	Scarlet Jezebel	This species is primarily adapted to open eucalypt woodlands and is a common resident in Townsville. The Callistemon viminalis street trees provide good hosts for its mistletoe food plants, especially Dendropthoe glabrescens and various Amyema spp (usually on eucalypts). Eggs are laid in large clusters and the larvae and pupae are gregarious.
*Delias aganippe*	Red-spotted Jezebel	This species is more at home in southern Australia where it occurs in Western Australia and across from South Australia through to southern Queensland. However, during winter months (July and August) individuals may appear in Townsville (notably on Castle Hill).

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Nymphalidae Nymphs etc Notes on the species

Melanitis leda Common Evening-brown Crepuscular by nature, a very early morning walk in a backyard that still has some tall grass nearby will likely reveal this species. Alternatively, a close inspection of any rotting fruit, again at morning or evening, will also reveal the butterfly feeding.

Mycalesis perseus Dingy Bush-brown Frequents grassy areas, common in Townsville, more so in wet season.

Mycalesis sirius * Cedar Bush-brown Not recorded in Townsville but known from just north (Ollera Creek).

Mycalesis terminus Orange Bush-brown This species is a keen feeder at rotting fruit, can be common in the wet season, present throughout the year. Widespread. Larvae feed on grasses.

Ypthima arctous Dusky Knight Another grass loving satyrid, quite common in Townsville.

Hypocysta irius * Orange-streaked Ringlet Very much a rainforest edge and moist riparian forest species, not commonly seen in Townsville.

Hypocysta metirius * Brown Ringlet Found at Mt Black (west of Townsville) and at Paluma and elsewhere in coastal and upland northern Queensland.

Hypocysta adiante Orange Ringlet Very common resident of grassy areas, larvae feed on kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra).

Tisiphone helena * Helena Brown Otherwise known as the Northern Sword-grass Brown, this species is common at Bluewater Range, Paluma and oither rainforest areas. It is not known from Townsville and unlikely to occur there. Adults fly in rainforest and especially amongst the dense stands of sword grass on which the larvae feed (at Bluewater this is Gahnia sieberiana).

Polyura sempronius Tailed Emperor Large and powerful fliers, this species is common on hilltops where males occasionally chase each other. Larvae feed on a wide range of Caesalpinaceae plants (Cassia and Senna spp) plus many Acacia species as well as Albizia lebbeck (commonly in Townsville). Larvae have spectacular horned heads.

Acraea andromacha Glasswing A widespread species across Australia (all mainland states), this butterfly lays its eggs in clusters on native passion vines (Passiflora spp). Adults are often seen flying around weedy infestations of introducted passion vines.

Vindula arsinoe Cruiser A large sexually dimorphic species adults may be seen along creek lines and more moist environments in Townsville. Common throught the wet tropics and in rainforests at Iron Range and Lockerbie on Cape York Peninsula. Eggs are laid on the scrambling vine Adenia heterophylla and other passion vines. Adult male perched and adult female with wings closed.

Cupha prosope Bordered Rustic An attractive local resident, common in coastal and sub-coastal communities where its larval fod plant occurs (usually Scolopia braunii or other plants in the Flacourtiaceae family). Pupae are very attractive, with slightly metallic coloration and spines.

Pantoporia consimilis Orange Aeroplane Normally associated with rainforests, especially margins, this species is common throughout the wet tropics. It also occurs in Townsville where in addition to its usual larval food plants (Austrosteensia blackii vines) it also feeds on Senna retusa.

Neptis praslini Yellow-eyed Aeroplane Much less common than other aeroplanes, this species occurs at Paluma, its southern most distribution, where it might easily be confused with Tellervo zoilus.

Phaedyma shepherdi White-banded Aeroplane The larvae feed on very many different plants, many of which are common garden additions, including Bombax ceiba, Pongamia pinnata, Brachychiton spp, Celtis spp and Mucuna gigantea. The larvae are weirdly shaped and cryptic resting amongst hanging leaf pieces cut by the larva and dried and twisted. The pupa similarly hangs in this situation and is very difficult to spot. Adults flap and plane in openings before returning to a leaf top rest.

Doleschallia bisaltide Leafwing Wonderfully camouflaged on the underside to resemble a dead leaf, the adults are very rapid in flight. Larvae fed on insignificant white flowering herbs (Pseuderanthium variabile) common on the forest floor. Occurs in parks and gardens in Townsville, but not common.

Hypolimnas bolina Varied Eggfly A common resident of Townsville parks and gardens, adults are often prominent as males defend perches from other males and sally forth in search of mates.

Hypolimnas misippus Danaid Eggfly This strongly sexual-dimorphic species has a female that mimics the toxic butterflies of the Danainae subfamily (the milkweed butterflies). During the 1970s and 1980s the strong wet seasons saw large numbers of this species present in Townsville. Since that time the species has become very rare. Larvae feed on pigweed (Portulaca oleracea), a common weedy species, but despite its continued presence adults are uncommon. It may be that a series of wetter years will lead to its re-occurrence. In the decades of the 70s and 80s it was also abundant in Brisbane.

Hypolimnas alimena Blue-banded Eggfly Occasional member of butterfly communities in Townsville parks and gardens, a large and distinct species.

Yoma sabina Lurcher Widespread and seasonally common on Cape York Peninsula, rarely seen south of Cooktown. Newly discovered in Townsville March 2004 when several individuals turned up along the upper Bohle River. This event coincided with strong monsoonal activity in the wet tropics.

Vanessa kershawi Australian Painted Lady Widespread migrant, present in Townsville but in variable numbers and after the wet season.

Mynes geoffroyi White Nymph This very attractive species usually turns up in Townsville in most wet seasons. Its larval food plants include the notorious stinging plant (Dendrocnide moroides) found in rainforests and edges, but in Townsville it uses Pipturus argenteus, a stream side plant occasionally found along creeks and parks and gardens. The species is common in the rainforests at Bluewater Range and Paluma. Adults come in two forms, a dark and a white form. Eggs are laid in clusters and larvae remain gregarious until they pupate.

Junonia orithya Blue Argus An attractive and common species throughout northern coastal Queensland, larvae feed on many plants in the family Acanthaceae. Larvae are very spiny.

Junonia villida Meadow Argus Adult males often set up territories in bare areas of open forests. Common throughout Australia.

Junonia hedonia Chocolate Argus This handsome species has established in areas of Townsville that are moist and have populations of its larval food plants. These include Hygrophila angustifolia but also introduced garden weeds Hemigraphis alternanta and Ruellia tuberosa. Adults tend to be localised.

Tirumala hamata Blue Tiger This fine butterfly in the milkweed family (Danainae) is a very common Townsville resident. Captain Cook encountered vast numbers of them when sailing up the east coast of Queensland and at Magnetic Island and Cape Cleveland there are today huge dry season aggregations. They may take shelter along river lines or in Melaleuca woodlands or sometimes under verandahs of houses. Once the wet season starts they disperse to breed and sometimes may be seen far at sea.

Danaus plexippus Monarch Introduced from north America, this species is naturalised in many parts of Australia where its weedy introduced larval food plants occur (milk thistles). Common in small numbers in Townsville.

Danaus chrysippus Lesser Wanderer The most widespread milkweed butterfly in Australia, it occurs commonly in Townsville. Feeds on Ascepiadaceae plants (milk weeds).

Danaus affinis Marsh Tiger This species occurs often at the back of mangrove communities where its preferred larval food plant (Cynanchum carnosum) occurs. Common along the Ross River estuary and riparian mangrove communities, it flies throughout the city.

Euploea sylvester Two-brand Crow Occasionally recorded from Townsville, sometimes amongst groups of other crow species. More common further north in riparian communities.

Euploea tulliolus Purple Crow Frequently seen in Townsville, the species is common throughout coastal Queensland. Larvae feed on the climbing vine Trophus scandens and adults may form part of aggregations of crows and tigers over-wintering in gullies and sheltered areas.

Euploea core Common Crow By far the most abundant species and at times present in vast numbers, especially in the dry season and the build up to the wet. Adults form huge aggregations where with hormones switched off they rest and await the wet season. The species also lays eggs on the introduced woody weed rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) that infests most riparian vegetation communities throughout the Burdekin dry tropics. Larva feeding on Gymnanthera nitida foliage, a native food plant. Another view.

Euploea alcathoe * No-brand Crow Not seen in Townsville yet, adults occur on the coast north of Townsville near Jourama Falls National Park.

Tellervo zoilus Hamadryad Although normally associated with rainforests, where they are abundant, most wet seasons individuals turn up in Townsville urban areas and may breed if larval food plants are present. A very slow flying understory species.

Libythea geoffroy Purple Beak This very unusual species is known from Magnetic Island from a specimen recorded in 1953. No reliable record since then but the larval food plant is present (Celtis spp) and it may be in the region. It has a limited known distribution in Queensland.

Nymphalidae	Nymphs etc	Notes on the species
*Melanitis leda*	Common Evening-brown	Crepuscular by nature, a very early morning walk in a backyard that still has some tall grass nearby will likely reveal this species. Alternatively, a close inspection of any rotting fruit, again at morning or evening, will also reveal the butterfly feeding.
*Mycalesis perseus*	Dingy Bush-brown	Frequents grassy areas, common in Townsville, more so in wet season.
**Mycalesis sirius ***	Cedar Bush-brown	Not recorded in Townsville but known from just north (Ollera Creek).
*Mycalesis terminus*	Orange Bush-brown	This species is a keen feeder at rotting fruit, can be common in the wet season, present throughout the year. Widespread. Larvae feed on grasses.
*Ypthima arctous*	Dusky Knight	Another grass loving satyrid, quite common in Townsville.
Hypocysta irius *	Orange-streaked Ringlet	Very much a rainforest edge and moist riparian forest species, not commonly seen in Townsville.
**Hypocysta metirius ***	Brown Ringlet	Found at Mt Black (west of Townsville) and at Paluma and elsewhere in coastal and upland northern Queensland.
*Hypocysta adiante*	Orange Ringlet	*Very common resident of grassy areas, larvae feed on kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra).*
**Tisiphone helena ***	Helena Brown	Otherwise known as the Northern Sword-grass Brown, this species is common at Bluewater Range, Paluma and oither rainforest areas. It is not known from Townsville and unlikely to occur there. Adults fly in rainforest and especially amongst the dense stands of sword grass on which the larvae feed (at Bluewater this is Gahnia sieberiana).
*Polyura sempronius*	Tailed Emperor	Large and powerful fliers, this species is common on hilltops where males occasionally chase each other. Larvae feed on a wide range of Caesalpinaceae plants (Cassia and Senna spp) plus many Acacia species as well as Albizia lebbeck (commonly in Townsville). Larvae have spectacular horned heads.
*Acraea andromacha*	Glasswing	A widespread species across Australia (all mainland states), this butterfly lays its eggs in clusters on native passion vines (Passiflora spp). Adults are often seen flying around weedy infestations of introducted passion vines.
*Vindula arsinoe*	Cruiser	A large sexually dimorphic species adults may be seen along creek lines and more moist environments in Townsville. Common throught the wet tropics and in rainforests at Iron Range and Lockerbie on Cape York Peninsula. Eggs are laid on the scrambling vine Adenia heterophylla and other passion vines. Adult male perched and adult female with wings closed.
*Cupha prosope*	Bordered Rustic	An attractive local resident, common in coastal and sub-coastal communities where its larval fod plant occurs (usually Scolopia braunii or other plants in the Flacourtiaceae family). Pupae are very attractive, with slightly metallic coloration and spines.
*Pantoporia consimilis*	Orange Aeroplane	Normally associated with rainforests, especially margins, this species is common throughout the wet tropics. It also occurs in Townsville where in addition to its usual larval food plants (Austrosteensia blackii vines) it also feeds on Senna retusa.
*Neptis praslini*	Yellow-eyed Aeroplane	Much less common than other aeroplanes, this species occurs at Paluma, its southern most distribution, where it might easily be confused with Tellervo zoilus.
*Phaedyma shepherdi*	White-banded Aeroplane	The larvae feed on very many different plants, many of which are common garden additions, including Bombax ceiba, Pongamia pinnata, Brachychiton spp, Celtis spp and Mucuna gigantea. The larvae are weirdly shaped and cryptic resting amongst hanging leaf pieces cut by the larva and dried and twisted. The pupa similarly hangs in this situation and is very difficult to spot. Adults flap and plane in openings before returning to a leaf top rest.
*Doleschallia bisaltide*	Leafwing	Wonderfully camouflaged on the underside to resemble a dead leaf, the adults are very rapid in flight. Larvae fed on insignificant white flowering herbs (Pseuderanthium variabile) common on the forest floor. Occurs in parks and gardens in Townsville, but not common.
*Hypolimnas bolina*	Varied Eggfly	A common resident of Townsville parks and gardens, adults are often prominent as males defend perches from other males and sally forth in search of mates.
*Hypolimnas misippus*	Danaid Eggfly	This strongly sexual-dimorphic species has a female that mimics the toxic butterflies of the Danainae subfamily (the milkweed butterflies). During the 1970s and 1980s the strong wet seasons saw large numbers of this species present in Townsville. Since that time the species has become very rare. Larvae feed on pigweed (Portulaca oleracea), a common weedy species, but despite its continued presence adults are uncommon. It may be that a series of wetter years will lead to its re-occurrence. In the decades of the 70s and 80s it was also abundant in Brisbane.
*Hypolimnas alimena*	Blue-banded Eggfly	Occasional member of butterfly communities in Townsville parks and gardens, a large and distinct species.
*Yoma sabina*	Lurcher	Widespread and seasonally common on Cape York Peninsula, rarely seen south of Cooktown. Newly discovered in Townsville March 2004 when several individuals turned up along the upper Bohle River. This event coincided with strong monsoonal activity in the wet tropics.
*Vanessa kershawi*	Australian Painted Lady	Widespread migrant, present in Townsville but in variable numbers and after the wet season.
*Mynes geoffroyi*	White Nymph	This very attractive species usually turns up in Townsville in most wet seasons. Its larval food plants include the notorious stinging plant (Dendrocnide moroides) found in rainforests and edges, but in Townsville it uses Pipturus argenteus, a stream side plant occasionally found along creeks and parks and gardens. The species is common in the rainforests at Bluewater Range and Paluma. Adults come in two forms, a dark and a white form. Eggs are laid in clusters and larvae remain gregarious until they pupate.
*Junonia orithya*	Blue Argus	An attractive and common species throughout northern coastal Queensland, larvae feed on many plants in the family Acanthaceae. Larvae are very spiny.
*Junonia villida*	Meadow Argus	Adult males often set up territories in bare areas of open forests. Common throughout Australia.
*Junonia hedonia*	Chocolate Argus	This handsome species has established in areas of Townsville that are moist and have populations of its larval food plants. These include Hygrophila angustifolia but also introduced garden weeds Hemigraphis alternanta and Ruellia tuberosa. Adults tend to be localised.
*Tirumala hamata*	Blue Tiger	This fine butterfly in the milkweed family (Danainae) is a very common Townsville resident. Captain Cook encountered vast numbers of them when sailing up the east coast of Queensland and at Magnetic Island and Cape Cleveland there are today huge dry season aggregations. They may take shelter along river lines or in Melaleuca woodlands or sometimes under verandahs of houses. Once the wet season starts they disperse to breed and sometimes may be seen far at sea.
*Danaus plexippus*	Monarch	Introduced from north America, this species is naturalised in many parts of Australia where its weedy introduced larval food plants occur (milk thistles). Common in small numbers in Townsville.
*Danaus chrysippus*	Lesser Wanderer	The most widespread milkweed butterfly in Australia, it occurs commonly in Townsville. Feeds on Ascepiadaceae plants (milk weeds).
*Danaus affinis*	Marsh Tiger	This species occurs often at the back of mangrove communities where its preferred larval food plant (Cynanchum carnosum) occurs. Common along the Ross River estuary and riparian mangrove communities, it flies throughout the city.
*Euploea sylvester*	Two-brand Crow	Occasionally recorded from Townsville, sometimes amongst groups of other crow species. More common further north in riparian communities.
*Euploea tulliolus*	Purple Crow	Frequently seen in Townsville, the species is common throughout coastal Queensland. Larvae feed on the climbing vine Trophus scandens and adults may form part of aggregations of crows and tigers over-wintering in gullies and sheltered areas.
*Euploea core*	Common Crow	By far the most abundant species and at times present in vast numbers, especially in the dry season and the build up to the wet. Adults form huge aggregations where with hormones switched off they rest and await the wet season. The species also lays eggs on the introduced woody weed rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) that infests most riparian vegetation communities throughout the Burdekin dry tropics. Larva feeding on Gymnanthera nitida foliage, a native food plant. Another view.
**Euploea alcathoe ***	No-brand Crow	Not seen in Townsville yet, adults occur on the coast north of Townsville near Jourama Falls National Park.
*Tellervo zoilus*	Hamadryad	Although normally associated with rainforests, where they are abundant, most wet seasons individuals turn up in Townsville urban areas and may breed if larval food plants are present. A very slow flying understory species.
*Libythea geoffroy*	Purple Beak	This very unusual species is known from Magnetic Island from a specimen recorded in 1953. No reliable record since then but the larval food plant is present (Celtis spp) and it may be in the region. It has a limited known distribution in Queensland.

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Lycaenidae Blues & Coppers Notes on the species

Liphyra brassolis Moth Butterfly Male (left upper and under) female (right upper) laval skins, puparium and pupa. Larvae carnivorous on green ant larvae. Occurs in Townsville suburbs and wherever there is a good population of green ants. Townsville larva feeding on green ant brood (looking up through glass based contained).

Acrodipsas brisbanensis * Large Ant-blue Unique Australian genus of ant larvae predators; very little known. Adults mainly known from hilltops, species throughout the continent. This species known west of Paluma. Adult perched on leaf.

Hypochrysops apollo * Apollo Jewel One of the larger jewels, this subspecies is considered threatened. Larvae feed on the epiphytic ant plant (in melaleuca woodlands and mangrove communities) and are attended by the ant that occupies the galleries within the plant (Philidris cordatus). Loss of habitat has diminished the range of this species. The nearest ant plants to Townsville are a few km north and the nearest modern record of this butterfly is just north of the Cardwell Range.

Hypochrysops narcissus * Narcissus Jewel Larvae feed on a range of plants including mangroves, and the adults are usually seen flying around these. So far not recorded in Townsville but are known from a few km north in coastal woodlands (Saltwater Creek area).

Hypochrysops digglesii Silky Jewel A common jewel in Townsville suburbs where mistletoe plants remain. Larvae create feeding grooves in the mistletoe leaves and are attended by ants (Crematogaster sp). Widespread along Queensland east coast.

Hypochrysops polycletus Royal Jewel Adults generally fly near food plant, a climbing vine (Rhyssopteris timorensis) in semideciduous vine thicket, often riparian. In Townsville recorded only on slopes of Mt Stuart. Locally common on Cape York peninsula.

Hypochrysops apelles Copper Jewel Larvae are attended by ants and are common on mangroves but also on Cocky Apple (Planchonia careya). Most mangrove communities (including along the Ross River) have populations.

Hypochrysops ignita Fiery Jewel Male (left) and female (right); larvae attended by ants, feed on Planchonia careya, Alphitonia excelsa Originally widespread in Townsville, now uncommon due to loss of habitat.

Philiris innotata Purple Moonbeam A small fast-flying butterfly appears silver on the wing. Larvae feed on sandpaper fig leaves (Ficus opposita) and the pupae occur under the leaves (the lower right image shows a pupal exuvia). Common in Townsville suburbs and wherever the foodplant occurs.

Philiris nitens * Blue Moonbeam Larvae feed on Macaranga involucrata, a shrubby species often found in riparian vegetation and rainforest edges. Occurs in the Bluewater Range northwest of Townsville.

Arhopala centaurus Purple Oak-blue Brilliant purple colours as they fly; larvae feed on Terminalia species and are attended by green ants. Common in Townsville suburbs and parks. It is interesting to note that pupae of this species (and many others) make distinct sounds (stridulation) that may be related to the ant-attendance patterns. In some species even the larval stages may make sounds. It seems to affect the ants, perhaps making them more attentive and therefore providing better protection against parsites? The sound can be induced by disturbance.

Arhopala madytus Bright Oak-blue Larvae on Terminalia species always attended by green ants (Oecophylla smaragdina). Common in Townsville suburbs and gardens.

Arhopala micale Shining Oak-blue As with the previous two species, larvae are attended by green ants and feeding on Terminalia species. Common throughout Townsville. All three species occur in Anderson Park.

Ogyris zosine Northern Purple Azure This large and beautiful butterfly may be seen flying around mistletoe clumps on Eucalypt trees in Townsville (including JCU campus). Larvae are attended by sugar ants (Campanotis spp) and feed on the mistletoe foliage. In more humid months the females are purple while in the dry season they are blue but also occur in a range of blues and purples.

Ogyris amaryllis Satin Azure A very widespread species across the continent. Larvae feed on mistletoe foliage and adults are often seen flying around mistletoe clumps on eucalypts. Occurs in Townsville (JCU) and inland (e.g. Woodstock). Male (left) female (right).

Ogyris iphis * Orange-tipped Azure A species known from west of Paluma (and elsewhere in northern Queensland dry country). Males fly around hilltops. Larvae occur on mistletoes clumps and hide in hollows, attended by black and tan ants (Froggatella kirbyii).

Ogyris aenone Sapphire Azure Normally found in melaleuca woodlands along the coast north from Townsville, most recently near Saltwater Creek just north of Townsville. More common within the rarely preserved melaleuca wetlands of the wet tropics north to Cooktown.

Ogyris oroetes Silky Azure Occurs on mistletoe clumps on eucalypts; occasionally seen in Townsville - flying around mistletoe.

Ogyris olane Dull-purple Azure Occasional resident in similar situations to the silky azure.

Jalmenus daemeli Emerald Hairstreak Adults form classic metapopulation and aggregate around colonies of the larval food plant. Obligate ant attendence (Iridomyrmex sp - very strong smelling ants). The larvae feed on Acacia bidwillii in Townsville and wherever plant and ant co-exist there is likely to be a colony of butterflies. Occurs on JCU campus and in other relatively undisturbed floodplain areas. Adult on larval food plant in Townsville.

Jalmenus pseudictinus Macqueen's Hairstreak Not known from Townsville (although it may be along Hervey's Range), it is common west of Paluma where the food plant (Acacia flavescens) and the attendent ant (Froggatella kirbyii) occur.

Hypolycaena phorbas Black-spotted Flash A common species in Townsville, larvae require green ants but will feed on many different plants including mangroves, mistletoes and many native garden plants.

Hypolycaena danis Orchid Flash The larvae of this species feed on orchid flowers and foliage and sometimes produce considerable damage. A northern Queensland species, usually associated with rainforest, adults have been sighted in Townsville in recent years.

Deudorix diovis Bright Cornelian Known from JCU campus where the larvae feed on the fruits of Cupaniopsis anacardioides (Tuckeroo), the species is widespread in coastal and subcoastal Queensland. Larvae also feed on the seeds of lychees (Litchi chinensis) and many other fruits.

Rapala varuna Indigo Flash Adults are common in Townsville gardens, flying swiftly around shrub abd tree tops. Larvae feed on flowers from many different plants and are cryptic.

Anthene seltuttus Dark Ciliated-blue A widespread and common species in coastal Queensland it may be abundant at times in urban Townsville. Larvae feed on many different plants but always with green ants in attendence.

Anthene lycaenoides Pale Ciliated-blue Larvae also feed on many plants and are usually attended by a few ants. Not species specific. Common in Townsville.

Candalides helenita * Shining Pencilled-blue Usually associated with rainforest margins where its larval food plants occur, known from just north and south of Townsville but not yet recorded from the urban areas.

Candalides margarita Trident Pencilled-blue Male (left) female (right). Larvae feed on mistletoe species.

Candalides absimilis Common Pencilled-blue Not well known in the region, occurs at Paluma, may also occur in Townsville gardens as many food plants are available.

Candalides erinus Small Dusky-blue Common species, feeding on dodder laurels (Cassytha species). Occurs many locations in Townsville.

Candalides geminus ** Twin Dusky-blue Known only from inland areas west of Paluma and at the Burra Range inland from Charters Towers.

Candalides hyacinthinus* Varied Dusky-blue Recorded from Bluewater State Forest 40 km NW of Townsville, larvae on Cassytha spp.

Candalides xanthospilos * Yellow-spotted Blue This delicate blue butterfly is actually purple above and white underneath. Larvae feed on the buds of Pimelea sp flowers. Common west of Paluma.

Zetona delospila ** Clear-spotted Blue Not known particularly close to Townsville, this species breeds on Cassytha that is parasitic on spinifex. Most places where inland spinifex occurs this butterfly also occurs. For example, it is present near Greenvale to the northwest of Townsville, and also in the Burra Range inland from Charters Towers. Being inconspicuous, it is likely to be present other places that spinifex occurs west of the coast range.

Petrelaea tombugensis Mauve Line-blue Little known apart from a handful of sites from Cape York, Iron Range and the wet tropics (in Queensland) it has only recently been discovered in Townsville. Larvae feed on Terminalia species flower buds.

Nacaduba cyanea Green-banded Line-blue This delightful blue is associated with riparian and coastal rainforests where the larval food plant occurs (matchbox bean). Occurs in Townsville where ever the plant grows (Magnetic Island as well as along the rivers).

Nacaduba berenice Large Purple Line-blue Common in Townsville, larvae on various Sapindaceae plants.

Nacaduba biocellata Two-spotted Line-blue Larvae of this tiny species feed on the buds and blossoms of Acacia species and adults are usually seen flying around flowering wattle plants.

Nacaduba kurava White-banded Line-blue Mainly a rainforest species, this butterfly commonly occurs in small numbers in Townsville. Adults may be breeding in Townsville.

Erysichton lineata * Hairy Line-blue Not known from Townsville, this rainforest species occurs at Bluewater State Forest, 40 km NW of Townsville. Larvae feed on flower buds of several species of trees.

Erysichton palmyra * Marbled Line-blue Another rainforest species, this also has been recorded at Bluewater State Forest near Townsville. Larvae feed on mistletoe flowers.

Prosotas dubiosa Small Purple Line-blue In March and October there are big flushes of this species as plants on which the larvae feed come into flowering. Adults seen flying around flowers.

Catopyrops florinda Speckled Line-blue Widespread coastal species, adults present on Mt Stuart where one of its food plants occurs.

Theclinesthes miskini Wattle Blue Common Townsville resident and breeding species. males strong hilltop species.

Theclinesthes onycha Cycad Blue Wherever native cycads occur so too does this butterfly. The larvae feed deep in the freshly growing fronds (usually attended by ants) and pupate under the old frond bases. Adults are usually sen flying around any fresh growth, especially after fires.

Theclinesthes sulpitius Saltpan Blue In the saltpans behind mangroves small fluttering butterflies will most likely be this species. The breed on numerous chenopods (saltbush shrubs).

Theclinesthes serpentata Salt-bush Blue Not commonly seen in Townsville, this may be abundant in inland saltbush areas.

Sahulana scintillata Glistening Blue Another Acacia spp flower feeder, can be common at times in Brisbane, but more rarely seen in Townsville.

Danis danis Large Green-banded Blue This beautiful species is usually confined to the rainforests of Paluma and north but individuals occasionally occur in Townsville.

Psychonotis caelius Small Green-banded Blue Occurs commonly in Townsville and north and south. Although seen most frequently in rainforest margins where its larval food plants occur, it breeds in Townsville on Alphitonia spp.

Jamides phaseli Purple Cerulean Widespread species, breeds in Townsville along the Ross River and elsewhere.

Catochrysops panormis Pale Pea-blue Common species in the grassy woodlands throughout Townsville. Cajanus reticulatus is one larval food plant.

Lampides boeticus Long-tailed Pea-blue This active butterfly is common in Townsville, especially around rattlepods, the larval food plant. Larvae feed inside the pods.

Euchrysops cnejus Five-spotted Pea-blue Larvae feed on many small pea flowered plants and are common in Townsville.

Leptote plinius Plumbago Blue Given the popularity of Plumbago as a garden plant it is not surprising that this species is locally abundant in Townsville. Any patch of plumbago will support a small colony. Larvae feed on flowers and buds.

Zizina labradus Common Grass-blue Found almost everywhere in Australia, this is a common butterfly throughout the grassy areas of Townsville. Larvae feed on a large number of pea flowered shrubs that grow within the grasses. Probably Australia's most abundant species.

Zizeeria karsandra Spotted Grass-blue In Townsville this species feeds on Caltrop (the prickly yellow-flowered ground plant Tribulus terrestris) and wherever these plants occur, so too does the butterfly.

Famegana alsulus Black-spotted Grass-blue Another small blue that flies in grassy areas where its larval food plants grow as understory species. Easily overlooked.

Freyeria putli Jewelled Grass-blue Tiny blue with interesting markings on the underside hind wings. Amongst grass where the larval food plants grow.

Zizula hylax Little Grass-blue Less well known than other grass-blues, this species is locally common in Townsville. larvae feed on introduced weedy species also.

Megisba strongyle Small Pied Blue More associated with rainforest, this species occurs on Mt Stuart where its larval food plants occur in the vine thicket (Mallotus spp).

Lycaenidae	Blues & Coppers	Notes on the species
*Liphyra brassolis*	Moth Butterfly	Male (left upper and under) female (right upper) laval skins, puparium and pupa. Larvae carnivorous on green ant larvae. Occurs in Townsville suburbs and wherever there is a good population of green ants. Townsville larva feeding on green ant brood (looking up through glass based contained).
*Acrodipsas brisbanensis* *	Large Ant-blue	Unique Australian genus of ant larvae predators; very little known. Adults mainly known from hilltops, species throughout the continent. This species known west of Paluma. Adult perched on leaf.
Hypochrysops apollo *	Apollo Jewel	One of the larger jewels, this subspecies is considered threatened. Larvae feed on the epiphytic ant plant (in melaleuca woodlands and mangrove communities) and are attended by the ant that occupies the galleries within the plant (Philidris cordatus). Loss of habitat has diminished the range of this species. The nearest ant plants to Townsville are a few km north and the nearest modern record of this butterfly is just north of the Cardwell Range.
Hypochrysops narcissus *	Narcissus Jewel	Larvae feed on a range of plants including mangroves, and the adults are usually seen flying around these. So far not recorded in Townsville but are known from a few km north in coastal woodlands (Saltwater Creek area).
*Hypochrysops digglesii*	Silky Jewel	A common jewel in Townsville suburbs where mistletoe plants remain. Larvae create feeding grooves in the mistletoe leaves and are attended by ants (Crematogaster sp). Widespread along Queensland east coast.
*Hypochrysops polycletus*	Royal Jewel	Adults generally fly near food plant, a climbing vine (Rhyssopteris timorensis) in semideciduous vine thicket, often riparian. In Townsville recorded only on slopes of Mt Stuart. Locally common on Cape York peninsula.
*Hypochrysops apelles*	Copper Jewel	*Larvae are attended by ants and are common on mangroves but also on Cocky Apple (Planchonia careya). Most mangrove communities (including along the Ross River) have populations.*
*Hypochrysops ignita*	Fiery Jewel	*Male (left) and female (right); larvae attended by ants, feed on Planchonia careya, Alphitonia excelsa* Originally widespread in Townsville, now uncommon due to loss of habitat.**
*Philiris innotata*	Purple Moonbeam	A small fast-flying butterfly appears silver on the wing. Larvae feed on sandpaper fig leaves (Ficus opposita) and the pupae occur under the leaves (the lower right image shows a pupal exuvia). Common in Townsville suburbs and wherever the foodplant occurs.
Philiris nitens *	Blue Moonbeam	*Larvae feed on Macaranga involucrata, a shrubby species often found in riparian vegetation and rainforest edges. Occurs in the Bluewater Range northwest of Townsville.*
*Arhopala centaurus*	Purple Oak-blue	Brilliant purple colours as they fly; larvae feed on Terminalia species and are attended by green ants. Common in Townsville suburbs and parks. It is interesting to note that pupae of this species (and many others) make distinct sounds (stridulation) that may be related to the ant-attendance patterns. In some species even the larval stages may make sounds. It seems to affect the ants, perhaps making them more attentive and therefore providing better protection against parsites? The sound can be induced by disturbance.
*Arhopala madytus*	Bright Oak-blue	*Larvae on Terminalia* species always attended by green ants (Oecophylla smaragdina). Common in Townsville suburbs and gardens.**
*Arhopala micale*	Shining Oak-blue	*As with the previous two species, larvae are attended by green ants and feeding on Terminalia* species. Common throughout Townsville. All three species occur in Anderson Park.**
*Ogyris zosine*	Northern Purple Azure	This large and beautiful butterfly may be seen flying around mistletoe clumps on Eucalypt trees in Townsville (including JCU campus). Larvae are attended by sugar ants (Campanotis spp) and feed on the mistletoe foliage. In more humid months the females are purple while in the dry season they are blue but also occur in a range of blues and purples.
*Ogyris amaryllis*	Satin Azure	A very widespread species across the continent. Larvae feed on mistletoe foliage and adults are often seen flying around mistletoe clumps on eucalypts. Occurs in Townsville (JCU) and inland (e.g. Woodstock). Male (left) female (right).
Ogyris iphis *	Orange-tipped Azure	A species known from west of Paluma (and elsewhere in northern Queensland dry country). Males fly around hilltops. Larvae occur on mistletoes clumps and hide in hollows, attended by black and tan ants (Froggatella kirbyii).
*Ogyris aenone*	Sapphire Azure	Normally found in melaleuca woodlands along the coast north from Townsville, most recently near Saltwater Creek just north of Townsville. More common within the rarely preserved melaleuca wetlands of the wet tropics north to Cooktown.
*Ogyris oroetes*	Silky Azure	Occurs on mistletoe clumps on eucalypts; occasionally seen in Townsville - flying around mistletoe.
*Ogyris olane*	Dull-purple Azure	Occasional resident in similar situations to the silky azure.
*Jalmenus daemeli*	Emerald Hairstreak	Adults form classic metapopulation and aggregate around colonies of the larval food plant. Obligate ant attendence (Iridomyrmex sp - very strong smelling ants). The larvae feed on Acacia bidwillii in Townsville and wherever plant and ant co-exist there is likely to be a colony of butterflies. Occurs on JCU campus and in other relatively undisturbed floodplain areas. Adult on larval food plant in Townsville.
*Jalmenus pseudictinus*	Macqueen's Hairstreak	*Not known from Townsville (although it may be along Hervey's Range), it is common west of Paluma where the food plant (Acacia flavescens) and the attendent ant (Froggatella kirbyii) occur.*
*Hypolycaena phorbas*	Black-spotted Flash	A common species in Townsville, larvae require green ants but will feed on many different plants including mangroves, mistletoes and many native garden plants.
*Hypolycaena danis*	Orchid Flash	The larvae of this species feed on orchid flowers and foliage and sometimes produce considerable damage. A northern Queensland species, usually associated with rainforest, adults have been sighted in Townsville in recent years.
*Deudorix diovis*	Bright Cornelian	Known from JCU campus where the larvae feed on the fruits of Cupaniopsis anacardioides (Tuckeroo), the species is widespread in coastal and subcoastal Queensland. Larvae also feed on the seeds of lychees (Litchi chinensis) and many other fruits.
*Rapala varuna*	Indigo Flash	Adults are common in Townsville gardens, flying swiftly around shrub abd tree tops. Larvae feed on flowers from many different plants and are cryptic.
*Anthene seltuttus*	Dark Ciliated-blue	A widespread and common species in coastal Queensland it may be abundant at times in urban Townsville. Larvae feed on many different plants but always with green ants in attendence.
*Anthene lycaenoides*	Pale Ciliated-blue	Larvae also feed on many plants and are usually attended by a few ants. Not species specific. Common in Townsville.
Candalides helenita *	Shining Pencilled-blue	Usually associated with rainforest margins where its larval food plants occur, known from just north and south of Townsville but not yet recorded from the urban areas.
*Candalides margarita*	Trident Pencilled-blue	Male (left) female (right). Larvae feed on mistletoe species.
*Candalides absimilis*	Common Pencilled-blue	Not well known in the region, occurs at Paluma, may also occur in Townsville gardens as many food plants are available.
*Candalides erinus*	Small Dusky-blue	Common species, feeding on dodder laurels (Cassytha species). Occurs many locations in Townsville.
Candalides geminus **	Twin Dusky-blue	Known only from inland areas west of Paluma and at the Burra Range inland from Charters Towers.
*Candalides hyacinthinus**	Varied Dusky-blue	*Recorded from Bluewater State Forest 40 km NW of Townsville, larvae on Cassytha* spp.**
**Candalides xanthospilos ***	Yellow-spotted Blue	*This delicate blue butterfly is actually purple above and white underneath. Larvae feed on the buds of Pimelea* sp flowers. Common west of Paluma.**
Zetona delospila **	Clear-spotted Blue	Not known particularly close to Townsville, this species breeds on Cassytha that is parasitic on spinifex. Most places where inland spinifex occurs this butterfly also occurs. For example, it is present near Greenvale to the northwest of Townsville, and also in the Burra Range inland from Charters Towers. Being inconspicuous, it is likely to be present other places that spinifex occurs west of the coast range.
*Petrelaea tombugensis*	Mauve Line-blue	Little known apart from a handful of sites from Cape York, Iron Range and the wet tropics (in Queensland) it has only recently been discovered in Townsville. Larvae feed on Terminalia species flower buds.
*Nacaduba cyanea*	Green-banded Line-blue	This delightful blue is associated with riparian and coastal rainforests where the larval food plant occurs (matchbox bean). Occurs in Townsville where ever the plant grows (Magnetic Island as well as along the rivers).
*Nacaduba berenice*	Large Purple Line-blue	Common in Townsville, larvae on various Sapindaceae plants.
*Nacaduba biocellata*	Two-spotted Line-blue	*Larvae of this tiny species feed on the buds and blossoms of Acacia* species and adults are usually seen flying around flowering wattle plants.**
*Nacaduba kurava*	White-banded Line-blue	Mainly a rainforest species, this butterfly commonly occurs in small numbers in Townsville. Adults may be breeding in Townsville.
**Erysichton lineata ***	Hairy Line-blue	Not known from Townsville, this rainforest species occurs at Bluewater State Forest, 40 km NW of Townsville. Larvae feed on flower buds of several species of trees.
**Erysichton palmyra ***	Marbled Line-blue	Another rainforest species, this also has been recorded at Bluewater State Forest near Townsville. Larvae feed on mistletoe flowers.
*Prosotas dubiosa*	Small Purple Line-blue	In March and October there are big flushes of this species as plants on which the larvae feed come into flowering. Adults seen flying around flowers.
*Catopyrops florinda*	Speckled Line-blue	Widespread coastal species, adults present on Mt Stuart where one of its food plants occurs.
*Theclinesthes miskini*	Wattle Blue	Common Townsville resident and breeding species. males strong hilltop species.
*Theclinesthes onycha*	Cycad Blue	Wherever native cycads occur so too does this butterfly. The larvae feed deep in the freshly growing fronds (usually attended by ants) and pupate under the old frond bases. Adults are usually sen flying around any fresh growth, especially after fires.
*Theclinesthes sulpitius*	Saltpan Blue	In the saltpans behind mangroves small fluttering butterflies will most likely be this species. The breed on numerous chenopods (saltbush shrubs).
*Theclinesthes serpentata*	Salt-bush Blue	Not commonly seen in Townsville, this may be abundant in inland saltbush areas.
*Sahulana scintillata*	Glistening Blue	*Another Acacia* spp flower feeder, can be common at times in Brisbane, but more rarely seen in Townsville.**
*Danis danis*	Large Green-banded Blue	This beautiful species is usually confined to the rainforests of Paluma and north but individuals occasionally occur in Townsville.
*Psychonotis caelius*	Small Green-banded Blue	*Occurs commonly in Townsville and north and south. Although seen most frequently in rainforest margins where its larval food plants occur, it breeds in Townsville on Alphitonia* spp.**
*Jamides phaseli*	Purple Cerulean	Widespread species, breeds in Townsville along the Ross River and elsewhere.
*Catochrysops panormis*	Pale Pea-blue	*Common species in the grassy woodlands throughout Townsville. Cajanus reticulatus* is one larval food plant.**
*Lampides boeticus*	Long-tailed Pea-blue	This active butterfly is common in Townsville, especially around rattlepods, the larval food plant. Larvae feed inside the pods.
*Euchrysops cnejus*	Five-spotted Pea-blue	Larvae feed on many small pea flowered plants and are common in Townsville.
*Leptote plinius*	Plumbago Blue	Given the popularity of Plumbago as a garden plant it is not surprising that this species is locally abundant in Townsville. Any patch of plumbago will support a small colony. Larvae feed on flowers and buds.
*Zizina labradus*	Common Grass-blue	Found almost everywhere in Australia, this is a common butterfly throughout the grassy areas of Townsville. Larvae feed on a large number of pea flowered shrubs that grow within the grasses. Probably Australia's most abundant species.
*Zizeeria karsandra*	Spotted Grass-blue	*In Townsville this species feeds on Caltrop (the prickly yellow-flowered ground plant Tribulus terrestris) and wherever these plants occur, so too does the butterfly.*
*Famegana alsulus*	Black-spotted Grass-blue	Another small blue that flies in grassy areas where its larval food plants grow as understory species. Easily overlooked.
*Freyeria putli*	Jewelled Grass-blue	Tiny blue with interesting markings on the underside hind wings. Amongst grass where the larval food plants grow.
*Zizula hylax*	Little Grass-blue	Less well known than other grass-blues, this species is locally common in Townsville. larvae feed on introduced weedy species also.
*Megisba strongyle*	Small Pied Blue	*More associated with rainforest, this species occurs on Mt Stuart where its larval food plants occur in the vine thicket (Mallotus* spp).**

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Useful references and further reading.

Braby, M.F.,   2000. Butterflies of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne.
Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. E.   1981   Butterflies of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.
McCubbin, C.,   1971. Australian Butterflies. Thomas Nelson, Melbourne.
Parsons, M.,   1999.   The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea. Academic Press, London.
Valentine, P.S.,   1988.   Australian Tropical Butterflies. Frith & Frith Books, Malanda.
Waterhouse, G. A., 1932. What Butterfly is That. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.
Waterhouse, G.A. and Lyell, G.,   1914.   The Butterflies of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.